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Abstract
This study examines the effects of Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR), Non-Performing Loans (NPL), and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) on financial distress in Indonesian banks during 2021–2024, with Good Corporate Governance (GCG) as a moderating variable. Financial distress is measured using the Grover model, and the hypotheses are tested through regression and Moderated Regression Analysis (MRA). The results show that CAR significantly reduces the probability of financial distress, while NPL has no significant effect. CSR is found to increase financial distress in the short term, indicating that sustainability initiatives may generate immediate financial pressure. GCG does not moderate the CAR–distress relationship, but it weakens the effect of NPL and strengthens the effect of CSR on financial distress. This study contributes by highlighting governance as a conditional mechanism rather than a universal buffer against financial risk. It demonstrates that governance interacts differently with capital structure, credit risk, and strategic CSR decisions in post-pandemic banking conditions. Practically, banks should align capital management and CSR strategies within strong governance frameworks to mitigate financial vulnerability.
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Copyright (c) 2026 Novita Indrawati, Edfan Darlis, Hariadi Yasni

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
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References
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- Effendi, M. A. (2009). The Power of Good Corporate Governance Teori dan Implementasi. Salemba Empat.
- Ekadjaja, M., Siswanto, H. P., Ekadjaja, A., & Rorlen, R. (2021). The Effects of Capital Adequacy, Credit Risk, and Liquidity Risk on Banks’ Financial Distress in Indonesia. Advance In Economics, Business and Management Research, 174. https://doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.210507.059
- Eriyani, Y., Rahim, R., Adrianto, F., & Andalas, U. (2024). Pengaruh CSR Dan Kepemilikan Terhadap Financial Distress Pada Perusahaan Sektor Perbankan di Bursa Efek Indonesia Periode 2017-2023. 7.
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- Hanafi, M. M., & Hamlim, A. (2018). Analisis Laporan Keuangan (5 ed.). UPP STIM YKPN.
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- Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 40 Tahun 2007 tentang Perseroan Terbatas., Pub. L. No. 40 (2007).
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References
Afifah, N., Astuti, S. W. W., & Irawan, D. (2021). Pengaruh Corporate Social Responsibility (Csr) Dan Reputasi Perusahaan Terhadap Nilai Perusahaan. EKUITAS (Jurnal Ekonomi dan Keuangan), 5(3), 346–364. https://doi.org/10.24034/j25485024.y2021.v5.i3.4644
Altman, E. I., & Hotchkiss, E. (2006). Corporate Financial Distress and Bankruptcy: Predict and Avoid Bankruptcy, Analyze and Invest in Distressed Debt, Third Edition. In Corporate Financial Distress and Bankruptcy: Predict and Avoid Bankruptcy, Analyze and Invest in Distressed Debt, Third Edition. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118267806
Angriani, D. (2024). 12 BPD Belum Penuhi Modal Inti, Ditunggu Akhir 2024. IDX Channel. https://www.idxchannel.com/banking/12-bpd-belum-penuhi-modal-inti-ditunggu-akhir-2024
Effendi, M. A. (2009). The Power of Good Corporate Governance Teori dan Implementasi. Salemba Empat.
Ekadjaja, M., Siswanto, H. P., Ekadjaja, A., & Rorlen, R. (2021). The Effects of Capital Adequacy, Credit Risk, and Liquidity Risk on Banks’ Financial Distress in Indonesia. Advance In Economics, Business and Management Research, 174. https://doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.210507.059
Eriyani, Y., Rahim, R., Adrianto, F., & Andalas, U. (2024). Pengaruh CSR Dan Kepemilikan Terhadap Financial Distress Pada Perusahaan Sektor Perbankan di Bursa Efek Indonesia Periode 2017-2023. 7.
Ghozali, I. (2018). Aplikasi Analisis Multivariate dengan Program IBM SPSS 25 (9 ed.). Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro.
Ghozali, I., & Chariri, A. (2007). Teori Akuntansi. Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro.
Hanafi, M. M., & Hamlim, A. (2018). Analisis Laporan Keuangan (5 ed.). UPP STIM YKPN.
Hasan, A. (2021). Power Stakeholder dalam Bisnis. Media Wisata, 15(2), 513–539. https://doi.org/10.36276/mws.v15i2.107
Katadata Insight Center. (2024). Katadata ESG Index 2024. https://databoks.katadata.co.id/publikasi/2024/08/07/katadata-esg-index
Kontan.co.id. (2024). Rugi Bank Commonwealth Membengkak Jadi Rp 788,68 Miliar di Tahun 2023. kontan.co.id news. https://keuangan.kontan.co.id/news/rugi-bank-commonwealth-membengkak-jadi-rp-78868-miliar-di-tahun-2023
Kordestani, G., Biglari, V., & Bakhtiari, M. (2011). Ability of Combinations of Cash Flow Components To Predict Financial Distress. Business: Theory and Practice, 12(3), 277–285. https://doi.org/10.3846/btp.2011.28
Linder, S., & Foss, N. . (2013). Agency Theory (1 ed., Vol. 31, Nomor 2005, hal. 263–284). Elsevier.
Maxima Impact Consulting. (2024). Kesalahan Terbesar Program CSR: Kuras Biaya Demi Citra Tanpa Dampak Nyata. Maxima Impact Consulting. https://www.maxima.id/id/insight/article/kesalahan-terbesar-program-csr-kuras-biaya-demi-citra-tanpa-dampak-nyata/
Muslimin, D. W., & Bahri, S. (2022). PENGARUH GCG, UKURAN PERUSAHAAN, DAN SALES GROWTH TERHADAP FINANCIAL DISTRESS. Owner, 7(1), 293–301. https://doi.org/10.33395/owner.v7i1.1249
Nugraha, M. R., Sundarta, M. I., & Hurriyaturrohman. (2025). Pengaruh Corporate Governance, Intellectual Capital, dan Arus Kas Operasi Terhadap Financial Distress. 7(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.32877/ef.v7i1.1624
Nugrahanti, Y. W. (2021). Pengaruh Pengungkapan Corporate Social Responsibility terhadap Financial Distress Dengan Mekanisme Corporate Governance sebagai Pemoderasi. 1(1), 45–60.
Otoritas Jasa Keuangan. (2023). Roadmap Pengembangan Lembaga Penjamin Indonesia 2023–2027. Otoritas Jasa Keuangan. https://www.ojk.go.id/id/regulasi/otoritas-jasa-keuangan/rancangan-regulasi/Documents/Draft Roadmap Pengembangan Lembaga Penjamin Indonesia.pdf
Otoritas Jasa Keuangan. (2024). No Title. https://ojk.go.id/id/berita-dan-kegiatan/siaran-pers/Pages/Sektor-Jasa-Keuangan-Kokoh-Hadapi-Potensi-Perlambatan-Pertumbuhan-Ekonomi-Global.aspx
Qur’anna, W. W., & Isbanah, Y. (2021). Pengaruh Rasio CAMEL dan Faktor Makroekonomi terhadap Kondisi Financial Distress pada Bank BUSN Non Devisa Tahun 2014-2019. Jurnal Ilmu Manajemen, 9(2), 451. https://doi.org/10.26740/jim.v9n2.p451-466
Septyloga, I. (2018). Purposive Sampling ,. 2(3), 147–155.
Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 21 Tahun 2011 tentang Otoritas Jasa Keuangan, Pub. L. No. 21 (2011).
Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 40 Tahun 2007 tentang Perseroan Terbatas., Pub. L. No. 40 (2007).
Valentinov, V. (2022). Stakeholder Theory and The Knowledge Problem: A Hayekian Perspective. Business Ethics, Environment and Responsibility, 31(2), 536–545. https://doi.org/10.1111/beer.12383